A family of viruses that can cause fatal Ebola-like symptoms that is also a critical threat to macaque populations is now “poised for spillover” to humans, a new report reveals.
The study, published in September in the journal Cell, reveals that the animal virus has found ways to access human cells, multiply and evade parts of the immune system that defend people against sickness. Scientists note that this is “pretty rare.”
The research team behind the study is watching the virus closely while calling for vigilance, evoking parallels to HIV, which they say arose from simian viruses in African primates.
So far, no human infections of the new viruses have been reported, and the severity of effects from these new viruses remains unknown if they were to infect a human.
According to the study, captive Asian macaques (of the Macaca genus) infected with these viruses develop fever, facial edema, dehydration, depression and coagulation defects indicated by round spots that appear on the skin as a result of bleeding.
Further, there are thousands of viruses circulating in animals globally, and more animal viruses are thought to be jumping to humans, causing severe harm to people’s immune systems.
These include Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) in 2003 and SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) in the current pandemic.
“COVID is just the latest in a long string of spillover events from animals to humans, some of which have erupted into global catastrophes,” Sara Sawyer, professor of molecular, cellular and developmental biology at University of Colorado Boulder and senior author of the research, said in a press release. “Our hope is that by raising awareness of the viruses that we should be looking out for, we can get ahead of this so that if human infections begin to occur, we’re on it quickly.”This comes at a time when the World Health Organization (WHO) has convened the International Health Regulations Emergency Committee due to the spread of Monkeypox virus, which WHO has declared a global health emergency, as it has spread across 110 countries as of mid-December with more than 82,600 cases.
Following on the heels of Monkeypox is an Ebola outbreak centered in Uganda. By early December, WHO reported 142 confirmed cases of Ebola virus disease, including 55 deaths with a case-fatality ratio of 39 percent.
Among these, at least 19 health-care workers were infected, of whom six died.
As a result, Kenyan scientists at the Institute of Primate Research (IPR) in Nairobi have been racing against time to discover monkey viruses amid the Ebola alarm next door in Uganda.
The country’s health management teams have beefed up surveillance on its border points to detect and tackle possible Ebola cases. The outbreak began in September in a rural part of central Uganda.
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) scientists acknowledged the new study findings, which depict the challenges facing Africa when it comes to viral diseases.
Dr. Samoel Khamadi, director of the KEMRI Center for Virus Research, observed that the study does not mean the family of viruses researched is going to affect humans as the next pandemic since its severity to humans remains unknown.
“So far in the new study there is no evidence of spillover to humans, however, it’s important to be vigilant,” Khamadi said.
The study examines how simian hemorrhagic fever (SHFV), like other hemorrhagic fever-causing viruses, uses a specific intracellular receptor that allows the virus to invade and infect target cells — and a similar form of this receptor exists in human cells as well.
Arteriviruses have been studied in pigs and horses, but the versions that target nonhuman primates are less understood. SHFV causes severe illness among macaque colonies, with symptoms of internal bleeding and fever similar to Ebola. Often, SHFV results in death for the macaques infected.
